Understanding the drivers of advertising elements through different media and generations in building brand equity: a neuromarketing approach

Ganto Novialdi, Sri Rahayu Hijrah Hati

Abstract


This study was designed to measure the visual attention of each generation towards the advertising elements with the Neuromarketing approach. By using the eye tracker device in a centralized location test (CLT), in this study, we compare advertising element stimulus along with three moderators: print, digital and social media to respondents from Generation X, Generation Y, and Generation Z. The research result indicate that Generation X is the most adaptive generation and emphasizes visual elements in viewing advertisements, regardless of the type of media. This can be seen from the high fixation duration in all media types. Generation Y did not significantly differ in the duration of fixation on the three media types but seemed to be more concerned with textual elements than other generations. Meanwhile, Generation Z does not prefer any media and advertising elements based on a temporary fixation duration when viewing advertisements.

Full Text:

PDF

References


Aaker, D. A. (1996) Building Strong Brands. New York: The Free Press.

Aaker, D.A. (1991), Managing Brand Equity: Capitalizing on the Value of a Brand Name. New York: The Free Press.

Ademola, O. B. (2009). Effects of Gender-role Orientation, Sex of Advert Presenter and Product Type on Advertising Effectiveness. European Journal of Scientific Research, 35(4), 537-543.

AIDA. Oxford Reference. Retrieved 10 May. 2022, from https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095432783.

Ajzen, I. (2012). Attitudes and persuasion.

Andrews, D., & Allen, A. M. (2016). Information Form and Level-of-Analysis as Moderators of the Influence of Information Diagnosticity on Consumer Choice Confidence and Purchase Readiness. Academy of Marketing Studies Journal, 20(2), 42.

Andrews, J. C., Shimp, T. A. (2012). Advertising Promotion and Other Aspects of Integrated Marketing Communications. Cengage Learning.

Ariaei Monfared, N. (2015). Impact of advertisement on brand loyalty using structural equation modeling approach. European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences: Proceedings, 4(1 (s)), pp-47.

Azzari, V., & Pelissari, A. (2021). Does brand awareness influences purchase intention? The mediation role of brand equity dimensions. BBR. Brazilian Business Review, 17, 669-685.

Baack, D. W., Wilson, R. T., & Till, B. D. (2008). Creativity and memory effects: Recall, recognition, and an exploration of nontraditional media. Journal of advertising, 37(4), 85-94.

Baumgartner, T., Esslen, M., & Jäncke, L. (2006). From emotion perception to emotion experience: Emotions evoked by pictures and classical music. International journal of psychophysiology, 60(1), 34-43.

Benway, J. P., & Lane, D. M. (1998). Banner blindness: Web searchers often miss “obvious” links. Itg Newsletter, 1(3), 1-22.

Bernstein, M. H. (2015). Regulating business by independent commission. In Regulating Business by Independent Commission. Princeton University Press.

Blakeman, R. (2011). Advertising campaign design: Just the essentials. Routledge.

Bolin, G., & Westlund, O. (2008). Mobile generations: The role of mobile technology in the shaping of Swedish media generations. International Journal of Communication, 3, 17.

Buil, I., De Chernatony, L. & Martinez, E. (2013). Examining the Role of Advertising and Sales Promotions in Brand Equity Creation. Journal of Business Research. 66(1), 115-122.

Burnett, J., & Hutton, R. B. (2007). New consumers need new brands. Journal of Product & Brand Management.

Campbell, C., Pitt, L. F., Parent, M., & Berthon, P. R. (2011). Understanding consumer conversations around ads in a Web 2.0 world. Journal of Advertising, 40(1), 87-102.

Chandon, P., Hutchinson, W., & Young, S. (2002). Do we know what we look at?: an eye-tracking study of visual attention and memory for brands at the point of purchase (Vol. 1, pp. 2-41). Fontainebleau: Insead.

Chi, H. H. (2011). Interactive digital advertising vs. virtual brand community: Exploratory study of user motivation and social media marketing responses in Taiwan. Journal of interactive advertising, 12(1), 44-61.

Ciceri, A., Russo, V., Songa, G., Gabrielli, G., & Clement, J. (2020). A neuroscientific method for assessing effectiveness of digital vs. Print ads: Using biometric techniques to measure cross-media ad experience and recall. Journal of Advertising Research, 60(1), 71-86.

Clow, K. E., & Baack, D. (2016). Integrated advertising, promotion, and marketing communications. 7. painos. Harlow, Essex: Pearson Education Limited.

Clow, K. E., Stevens, R. E., McConkey, C. W., & Loudon, D. L. (2009). Accountants' attitudes toward advertising: a longitudinal study. Journal of Services Marketing.

Coelho, P. S., Rita, P., & Santos, Z. R. (2018). On the relationship between consumer-brand identification, brand community, and brand loyalty. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 43, 101-110.

Creswell, J. W. (2003). A framework for design. Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approach, 9-11.

Dehghani, M., Niaki, M. K., Ramezani, I., & Sali, R. (2016). Evaluating the influence of YouTube advertising for attraction of young customers. Computers in human behavior, 59, 165-172

Fauzan, R. (2021, April 22). Belanja Iklan 2020 Moncer, Nielsen: Ini Proyeksi untuk 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2022, from https://ekonomi.bisnis.com/read/20210422/12/1384960/belanja-iklan-2020-moncer-nielsen-ini-proyeksi-untuk-2021

Foroudi, P. (2019). Influence of brand signature, brand awareness, brand attitude, brand reputation on hotel industry’s brand performance. International Journal of Hospitality Management. 76A, 271-285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.05.016.

Fortunati, L., Taipale, S., & de Luca, F. (2019). Digital generations, but not as we know them. Convergence, 25(1), 95-112.

Grewal, D., Krishnan, R., Baker, J., & Borin, N. (1998). The effect of store name, brand name and price discounts on consumers' evaluations and purchase intentions. Journal of retailing, 74(3), 331-352.

Hampton, D. C., & Keys, Y. (2017). Generation Z students: Will they change our nursing classrooms. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice, 7(4), 111-115.

Jeganathan, K., & Szymkowiak, A. (2020). Social Media Content Headlines and Their Impact on Attracting Attention. Journal of Marketing and Consumer Behaviour in Emerging Markets, (1 (10)), 49-59

Jyothsna, M., Mahalakshmi, S., & Sandeep, P. N. (2016). Role of Brand Equity and Brand Identity on Preferences of Smartphones among Students. Pacific Business Review International, 8(11), 44-53.

Karim, S. (2019). A Comparison of the Media Consumption Habits of Gen X, Gen Y and Gen Z. Allana Institute of Management Sciences, Pune. 9, 1-5.

Kasali, R. (2018). Strawberry Generation. Jakarta: Mizan.

Keller, K. L. (2013). Strategic Brand Management: Building, Measuring, and Managing Brand Equity. Pearson.

Khan, A. A., Jadoon, S., & Tareen, N. A. K. (2016). Impact of advertising on brand awareness and commitment in female apparel industry. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 6(3), 79-94.

Khusaba, R. N., Wise, C., Kodagoda, S., Louviere, J., Kahn, B. & Townsend, C. (2013). Consumer neuroscience: Assessing the brain response to marketing stimuli using electroencephalogram (EEG) and eye tracking. Expert Systems with Applications. 40(9), 3803-3812

Krugman, H. E. 1972. Why three exposures may be enough. Journal of Advertising Research, 12(6), 11–14.

Kuiken, J., Schuth, A., Spitters, M., & Marx, M. (2017). Effective headlines of newspaper articles in a digital environment. Digital Journalism, 5(10), 1300-1314.

Lee, E. B., Lee, S. G., & Yang, C. G. (2017). The influences of advertisement attitude and brand attitude on purchase intention of smartphone advertising. Industrial Management & Data Systems.

Lepkowska-White, E., Parsons, A., & Ceylan, A. (2014). Cross Promotion of Web References in Print Ads: Are Advertisers Attempting to Engage Consumers?. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing.

Levy, S., & Gendel‐Guterman, H. (2012). Does Advertising Matter to Store Brand Purchase Intention? A Conceptual Framework. Journal of Product & Brand Management.

Lissitsa, S., & Kol, O. (2021). Four generational cohorts and hedonic m-shopping: association between personality traits and purchase intention. Electronic Commerce Research, 21(2), 545-570.

Maoyan, Zhujunxuan, Sangyang (2014). Consumer Purchase Intention Research Based on Social Media Marketing. International Journal of Business and Social Science. 5, 10(1).

Mattila, A. S. (1999). Do Emotional Appeals Work for Services?. International Journal of Service Industry Management.

Meyers-Levy, J., & Malaviya, P. (1999). Consumers’ Processing of Persuasive Advertisements: An Integrative Framework of Persuasion Theories. Journal of marketing, 63(4_suppl1), 45-60.

Misra, S., & Beatty, S. E. (1990). Celebrity spokesperson and brand congruence: An assessment of recall and affect. Journal of business research, 21(2), 159-173.

Missaglia, A. L., Oppo, A., Mauri, M., Ghiringhelli, B., Ciceri, A., & Russo, V. (2017). The impact of emotions on recall: An empirical study on social ads. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 16(5), 424-433.

Morse, G. (2002). Hidden Minds. Retrieved May 10, 2022, from https://hbr.org/2002/06/hidden-minds.

Murthi, B. P. S., & Rao, R. C. (2012). Price awareness and consumers’ use of deals in brand choice. Journal of Retailing, 88(1), 34-46.

NCR. (2021, April 16). From Baby Boomers to Gen Z: Generational Marketing Insights. Retrieved May 10, 2022, from https://www.ncr.com/blogs/generational-marketing-to-four-consumer-generations

Nedungadi, P., Mitchell, A. A., & Berger, I. E. (1993). A framework for understanding the effects of advertising exposure on choice. Advertising exposure, memory, and choice, 89-116.

Ohanian, R. (1990). Construction and validation of a scale to measure celebrity endorsers' perceived expertise, trustworthiness, and attractiveness. Journal of advertising, 19(3), 39-52.

Omoruyi, O. & Chinomona, E. (2019). Evaluating the Effects of Brand Advertising, Brand Element and Brand Awareness on Purchasing Intention. Journal of Contemporary Management. 16(1), 422-449. https://doi.org/10.35683/jcm19012.0021

Pieters, R., & Wedel, M. (2004). Attention capture and transfer in advertising: Brand, pictorial, and text-size effects. Journal of marketing, 68(2), 36-50.

Poels, K., & Dewitte, S. (2006). How to capture the heart? Reviewing 20 years of emotion measurement in advertising. Journal of Advertising Research, 46(1), 18-37.

Potter, M. C. (1975). Meaning in visual search. Science, 187(4180), 965-966.

Price, M., Legrand, A. C., Brier, Z. M. F., van Stolk-Cooke, K., Peck, K., Dodds, P. S., Danforth, C. M., & Adams, Z. W. (2022). Doomscrolling during COVID-19: The negative association between daily social and traditional media consumption and mental health symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001202

Pullig, C., Simmons, C. J., & Netemeyer, R. G. (2006). Brand dilution: when do new brands hurt existing brands?. Journal of Marketing, 70(2), 52-66

Rahulan, M., Troynikov, O., Watson, C., Janta, M., & Senner, V. (2015). Consumer behavior of generational cohorts for compression sportswear. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management.

Rasool, M. S., Rafique, Y., Naseem, M. A., Javaid, S., Najeeb, M., & Hannan, M. (2012). Impact of advertisement on consumer behavior of FMCG in Lahore city. Academic Research International, 2(3), 571.

Rizzolatti, G., Riggio, L., & Sheliga, B. M. (1994). Space and selective attention. Attention and performance XV, 15, 231-265.

Roth-Cohen, O., Rosenberg, H., & Lissitsa, S. (2021). Are you talking to me? Generation X, Y, Z responses to mobile advertising. Convergence, 13548565211047342.

Rubio, N., Oubiña, J., & Villaseñor, N. (2014). Brand awareness–Brand quality inference and consumer’s risk perception in store brands of food products. Food quality and preference, 32, 289-298.

Ryder, N. B. 1965. The cohort as a concept in the study of social change. American Sociological Review, 30, 843–861.

Sandeen, C. (2008). Boomers, Xers, and Millennials: Who Are They and What Do They Really Want from Continuing Higher Education?. Continuing Higher Education Review, 72, 11-31.

Sasmita, J., & Suki, N. M. (2015). Young consumers’ insights on brand equity: Effects of brand association, brand loyalty, brand awareness, and brand image. International journal of retail & distribution management.

Schmidt, S., & Eisend, M. (2015). Advertising repetition: A meta-analysis on effective frequency in advertising. Journal of Advertising, 44(4), 415-428.

Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2016). Research methods for business: A skill building approach. john wiley & sons.

Shatto, B., & Erwin, K. (2016). Moving on from millennials: Preparing for generation Z. The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 47(6), 253-254.

Shimp, T.A. (2003) Advertising, Promotion, and Supplemental Aspects of Integrated Marketing Communications (6th ed.). Ohio: Thompson.

Simola, J., Kivikangas, M., Kuisma, J., & Krause, C. M. (2013). Attention and memory for newspaper advertisements: effects of ad–editorial congruency and location. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 27(4), 429-442.

Smith, K. T. (2019). Mobile advertising to Digital Natives: preferences on content, style, personalization, and functionality. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 27(1), 67-80.

Snyder, M. (2021, June 1). Marketing Trends Across Generations, From Boomers to Gen Z. Retrieved May 10, 2022, from https://morganmyers.com/blog/2021/06/01/marketing-trends-across- generations/

Song, H., Zhang, W. N., Cui, Y., Wang, D., & Liu, T. (2019). Exploiting persona information for diverse generation of conversational responses. arXiv preprint arXiv:1905.12188.

Stafford, M. R., Stafford, T. F., & Day, E. (2002). A contingency approach: The effects of spokesperson type and service type on service advertising perceptions. Journal of advertising, 31(2), 17-35.

Statista. (2022). Share of Instagram users in Indonesia as of April 2021, by age group. Retrieved May 10, 2022, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/1078350/share-of-instagram-users-by-age-indonesia/

Strauss, W., & Howe, N. (1991). Generations: The history of America's future, 1584 to 2069 (Vol. 538). New York: Quill.

Sugiyama, K., & Andree, T. (2011). The Dentsu Way: 9 Lessons for Innovation in Marketing from the World's Leading Advertising Agency. McGraw-Hill.

Sugiyono. 2013. Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif dan R & D. Bandung: Alfabeta.

Sundar, S. S., Narayan, S., Obregon, R., & Uppal, C. (1998). Does web advertising work? Memory for print vs. online media. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 75(4), 822-835.

Tinker, M. A. (1958). Recent studies of eye movements in reading. Psychological bulletin, 55(4), 215.

Wang, S. W., & Hsu, M. K. (2016). Airline co-branded credit cards—An application of the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Air Transport Management, 55, 245-254.

Wedel, M., & Pieters, R. (2000). Eye fixations on advertisements and memory for brands: A model and findings. Marketing science, 19(4), 297-312.

Williams, K. C., & Page, R. A. (2011). Marketing to the generations. Journal of behavioral studies in business, 3(1), 37-53.

Yoo, B., & Donthu, N. (2001). Developing and validating a multidimensional consumer-based brand equity scale. Journal of business research, 52(1), 1-14.

Zubcevic, N., & Luxton, S. (2011). A comparison of print advertisements from Australia and Croatia. Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ), 19(2), 131-136.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.33021/icfbe.v3i1.3759

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.



Editorial Office:

Faculty of Business President University 
Jalan Ki Hajar Dewantara Mekarmukti
Cikarang Utara, Bekasi, Jawa Barat


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.