The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) Loan Projects: Analyzing The People’s Republic of China’s Multilayered Multilateralism Strategy to Turkey (2016-2018)

Anggara Raharyo, Shelia Saady

Abstract


The establishment of Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) was first marked with the proposition made by People’s Republic of China (PRC) President Xi Jinping in 2013. Many since then believes that the establishment of the AIIB is part of PRC’s bigger plan that is the Belt and Road Initiatives (BRI). The significance of Turkey strategic position for the implementation of BRI, it is very crucial for PRC to maintain a steady flow of cooperation with Turkey.  Out of 93 members that has joined as a part of AIIB, Turkey stands as the second largest loan receiver by the end of 2018. This article argues that PRC has been using AIIB as part as their BRI plan through its multilayered-multilateralism strategy to Turkey. This article analyze the loan policies that has been made by PRC and AIIB to Turkey from 2016 to 2018

Keywords


AIIB; Turkey; China; Multilayered-Multilateralism; BRI

Full Text:

PDF

References


Akçay, N. (2017). TURKEY-CHINA RELATIONS WITHIN THE CONCEPT OF THE NEW SILK ROAD PROJECT*. Bölgesel Araştırmalar Dergisi, 1(3), 73-96. Retrieved from http://dergipark.gov.tr/bader/issue/33344/371165

Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. (2015b, April 8). The Memorandum of Understanding on Establishing the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) was signed in Beijing. Retrieved from Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank: https://www.aiib.org/en/news-events/news/2015/20150408_004.html

Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. (2015c, June 29). 50 Countries Sign the Articles of Agreement for the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. Retrieved from Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB): https://www.aiib.org/en/news-events/news/2015/20150629_001.html

Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. (2018d). Approved Projects. Retrieved from AIIB: https://www.aiib.org/en/projects/approved/index.html

Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank Treasury. (2019, January). Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. Retrieved from Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank: https://www.aiib.org/en/treasury/_common/_download/Investor_Presentation.pdf

Bijian, Z. (2005, October). China's "Peaceful Rise" to Great-Power Status. Retrieved from Foreign Affairs: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/asia/2005-09-01/chinas-peaceful-rise-great-power-status

Carr, E. H. (1964). The Twenty Years’ Crisis, 1919–1939: An Introduction to the Study of International Relations. New York: Harper & Row.

Central Committee of Communist Party of China. (2016). The 13th Five-Year Plan For Economic and Social Development of The People's Republic of China. Retrieved from http://en.ndrc.gov.cn/newsrelease/201612/P020161207645765233498.pdf

Chu, B. (2018, August 13). Why has the Turkish lira slumped to a record low? Retrieved from The Independent: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/analysis-and-features/turkish-lira-latest-rueky-economic-crisis-dollar-erdogan-us-pastor-trump-banks-a8489426.html

Elcoate, A. (2018, August 18). Little Brothers Together: Turkey Turns to China. Retrieved from The Diplomat: https://thediplomat.com/2018/08/little-brothers-together-turkey-turns-to-china/

Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Kingdom of Denmark. (2012, February 23). Vice President Xi Jinping's Speech at the China-Turkey Economic and Trade Cooperation Forum. Retrieved from the official website of Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Kingdom of Denmark: http://dk.china-embassy.org/eng//TourChina/t908616.htm

Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the United States. (2012, February 23). Vice President Xi Jinping's Speech at the China-Turkey Economic and Trade Cooperation Forum (Full Text) . Retrieved from The official website of Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the United States: http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/zgyw/t908616.htm

Franck, T. (2018, August 10). Trump increases pressure on Turkey amid currency crisis, authorizes doubling of metals tariffs. Retrieved from CNBC: https://www.cnbc.com/2018/08/10/trump.html

Glaser, C. L. (1994). Realists as Optimists: Cooperation as Self-Help. International Security, 19(3), 50-90.

Industrial and Commercial Bank of China. (2018, September 11). Belt and Road Investment and Financial Cooperation Forum Held in Turkey . Retrieved from Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Official Website: http://www.icbc.com.cn/icbc/en/newsupdates/icbc%20news/BeltandRoadInvestmentandFinancialCooperationForumHeldinTurkey.htm

Jervis, R. (1999). Realism, Neoliberalism, and Cooperation: Understanding the Debate. International Security, 42-63.

Liqun, J. (2016, January 16). The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank Inaugural Ceremony. Retrieved from Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB): https://www.aiib.org/en/news-events/news/2016/20160119_001.html

Mansfield, E. (1994). Alliances, Preferential Trading Arrangements and Sanctions. Journal of International Affairs, 48, 119-139.

Mansfield, E. (1995). International Institutions and Economic Sanctions. World Politics, 47, 575-605.

Martin, L., & Simmons, B. (2002). International Organizations and Institutions. In R. T. Carlsnaes W, Handbook of International Relations (pp. 192-211). California: Sage Publications.

Mearsheimer, J. (1994–1995). The False Promise of International Institutions. International Security, 19(3), 5-26.

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2015, March 28). Full text of Chinese President's speech at Boao Forum for Asia. Retrieved from Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China official Website: https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/zyjh_665391/t1250690.shtml

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2015, July 30). Xi Jinping and Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Together Attend China-Turkey Business Forum. Retrieved from The website of Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the People's Republic of China: https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/t1286481.shtml

National Development and Reform Commission People´s Republic of China. (2015, March 28). Vision and Actions on Jointly Building Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road. Retrieved from National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) People´s Republic of China: http://en.ndrc.gov.cn/newsrelease/201503/t20150330_669367.html

Perlez, J. (2015, December 4). China Creates a World Bank of Its Own, and the U.S. Balks. Retrieved from The New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/05/business/international/china-creates-an-asian-bank-as-the-us-stands-aloof.html

Presidency of the Republic of Turkey Investment Office. (2015, August 18). Turkey’s ‘Mega Projects’ propel the country towards 2023 targets. Retrieved from The website of Presidency of the Republic of Turkey Investment Office: http://www.invest.gov.tr/en-US/infocenter/news/Pages/180815-turkey-mega-projects-2023-vision.aspx

Presidency of the Republic of Turkey Investment Office. (2016, August 29). Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge’s unique features place it in a leading position globally . Retrieved from The website of Presidency of the Republic of Turkey Investment Office: http://www.invest.gov.tr/en-US/infocenter/news/Pages/yavuz-sultan-selim-bridge-unique-features.aspx

Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2011). Relations between Turkey and China. Retrieved from The website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey: http://www.mfa.gov.tr/relations-between-turkey-and-china.en.mfa

Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2017). Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. Retrieved from the official webite of Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs: http://www.mfa.gov.tr/shanghai-cooperation-organization.en.mfa

Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2018). TURKEY’S ENERGY PROFILE AND STRATEGY. Retrieved from The official website of Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs: http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkeys-energy-strategy.en.mfa

Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2018). Turkey-People's Republic of China Economic and Trade Relations. Retrieved from The website of the Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs: http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkey_s-commercial-and-economic-relations-with-china.en.mfa

Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (n.d.). Turkey’s Multilateral Transportation Policy. Retrieved from website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey: http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkey_s-multilateral-transportation-policy.en.mfa

Reynaud, J., & Vauday, J. (2009). Geopolitics and International Organizations: An Empirical Study on IMF Facilities. Journal of Development Economics, 89(1), 139-162.

Schweller, R. L., & Priess, D. (1997). A Tale of Two Realisms: Expanding the Institutions Debate. Mershon International Studies Review, 41(1), 1-32.

Tankersley, J., Swanson, A., & Phillips, M. (2018, August 10). Trump Hits Turkey When It’s Down, Doubling Tariffs. Retrieved from The New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/10/us/politics/trump-turkey-tariffs-currency.html

Tao, Z. (2016). “Turkey Dream” and the China-Turkish Cooperation under “One Belt and One Road” Initiative. Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (in Asia), 10(3), 50-72. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rmei19

The State Council of The People's Republic of China. (2016, April 11). Chinese enterprises enter ‘Go Global’ era 4.0 . Retrieved from The State Council of The People's Republic of China's Official Website: http://english.gov.cn/news/top_news/2016/04/11/content_281475325205328.htm

Turkish Statistical Institute. (2018). Foreign Trade Statistics. Retrieved from www.tuik.gov.tr: http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreIstatistikTablo.do?istab_id=624

Wang, H. (2014). FROM “TAOGUANG YANGHUI” TO “YOUSUO ZUOWEI”: CHINA’S ENGAGEMENT IN FINANCIAL MINILATERALISM. Waterloo, Ontario: Centre for International Governance Innovation.

Wang, Y. (2015, March 8). Foreign Minister Wang Yi answers journalists’ question on China's diplomacy, foreign policy and foreign relations. Retrieved from Ministry of Foreign Affairs: http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_chn/wjb_602314/wjbz_602318/zyjhs/t1243647.shtml.

Yuan, F. (2019). The One Belt One Road Initiative and China’s Multilayered Multilateralism. In L. Xing, INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY SERIES: MAPPING CHINA'S 'ONE BELT ONE ROAD' INITIATIVE (pp. 91-116). Aalborg: Springer Nature Switzerland AG. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92201-0_1

Zou, L. (2015). Zhong Guo “Yi Dai Yi Lu” Zhan Lue de Zheng Zhi Jing Ji Xue (The Strategic Political Economics of China’s “One Belt and One Road”). Shanghai: Shanghai Renmin Chubanshe.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.33021/aegis.v4i1.932

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2020 AEGIS : Journal of International Relations

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.


 

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.