Namus: The Corporate Family Identity of the Arab Family Business
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33021/ijfbp.v8i2.6295Keywords:
Namus, Corporate Family Identity, Arab Family Businesses, Organizational Culture, Familial Identity, ‘Ird, Sharaf, Karamah, Sumea, Mojamala, Hamula, Nasab.Abstract
The study explores the unique and intriguing cultural context of Arab Family Businesses (AFBs) and the formation of Corporate Family Identity (CFI) under the influence of Namus. This cultural concept embodies honor, reputation, and moral integrity.Our research employs an idiographic case study technique, focusing on two theoretically selected case studies to provide integrated and nuanced knowledge.It suggests that Namus guides corporate identity, honor, and emotional connaissance in Arab Family Businesses, with notable implications for theory and practice. Our research reveals that Arabian cultural concepts, such as ‘Ird, Sharaf, Karamah, Sumea, Mojamala, Hamula, and Nasab, play a substantial and appreciable role in shaping the corporate identity of business families.
It bridges the gap in the literature concerning the interplay between familial identity and corporate practice, as well as qualitative/mixed inquiries in the Arab context.
References
Abbasi, A. Z., & Hollman, K. W. (2020). The power of the name: Family identity and brand equity in the Middle East. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 11(3), 597-614.
Abu-Lughod, L. (1986). Veiled sentiments: Honor and poetry in a Bedouin society. University of California Press.
Al-Alawi, A. I., & Fermanis, P. (2014). Succession planning in family businesses: A study of Bahraini firms. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 21(4), 668-686.
Ali, M. B. (2022). Delineating the Concept of Human Dignity in the Quran: Karamah al-insan as an Antidote to Religious Conflicts and Violence. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 9(1), 220–235.
Alshibani, S. M., & Aljarodi, A. M. (2024). Family embeddedness and next generation aspirations to take over the family business: insights from the MENA region. International Journal of Emerging Markets.
Al-Ghamdi, S. M. (2018). The role of ethics in building corporate reputation: Evidence from Saudi Arabia. Journal of Business Ethics, 150(3), 801-815.
Al-Jafari, M. K., & Perry, A. C. (2011). Corporate branding and the Arab consumer: The mediating role of religiosity. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 2(1), 7–21.
Al-Khatib, J., Vollmers, S., & Liu, K. (2016). The role of cultural values in business ethics: The case of Arab countries. Journal of Business Ethics, 134(2), 329-342.
Al-Munajjed, M. (2000). Women in Saudi Arabia today. Palgrave Macmillan.
Al-Serhan, B. A. (2010). Islamic branding and marketing: Creating a global brand faith. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Blombäck, A. (2009). Family business: A secondary brand in corporate brand management. CeFEO Working Paper 2009:1
Balmer, J. M. (2001). Corporate identity, corporate branding, and corporate marketing- Seeing through the fog. European journal of marketing, 35(3/4), 248-291.
Balmer, J. M. (2017). Corporate brand management and strategic corporate brand orientation. Journal of Brand Management, 24(3), 193-194.
Basco, R. (2017). Epilogue: The multiple embeddedness of family firms in the Arab world. Family Businesses in the Arab World: Governance, Strategy, and Financing, 247–256.
Basly, S. (2017). Family businesses in the Arab world. Cham: Springer.
Baxter, D. (2007). Honor Thy Sister: Selfhood, Gender, and Agency in Palestinian Culture. Anthropological Quarterly, 80(3): 737–775.
Berger P. L., & Luckmann, T. (1966). The social construction of reality. A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. Doubleday: New York.
Berger, R., Silbiger, A., Herstein, R., & Barnes, B. R. (2015). Analyzing business-to-business relationships in an Arab context. Journal of World Business, 50(3), 454-464.
Bettinelli, C., Lissana, E., Bergamaschi, M., & De Massis, A. (2022). Identity in family firms: toward an integrative understanding. Family Business Review, 35(4), 383-414.
Bourdieu, P. (1977). Outline of a theory of practice. Cambridge University Press. Bromley, D. B. (2001). Reputation, image, and corporate identity. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 6(1), 24–31.
Cetinkaya, H. (2024). Re-theorising namûs beyond ‘honour’: self-making, feminist agency and global epistemic justice. Feminist Theory.
Chua, J. H., Chrisman, J. J., & Sharma, P. (1999). Defining the family business by behavior. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 23(4), 19–39.
Craig, J. B., Dibrell, C., & Davis, P. S. (2008). Leveraging family-based brand identity to enhance firm competitiveness and performance in family businesses. Journal of Small Business Management, 46(3), 351–371.
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches (4th ed.). London: Sage Publications Ltd.
Creswell, J. W., Shope, R., Plano Clark, V. L., & Green, D. O. (2006). How interpretive qualitative research extends mixed methods research. Research in the Schools, 13(1), 1-11.
Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2011). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research (2nd ed.). London: Sage Publications Ltd.
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approach. Sage Publications.
Cunningham, R. B., & Sarayrah, Y. K. (1993). Wasta: The hidden force in Middle Eastern society. Praeger Publishers.
Darwish, S. (2020). Social Networks, Social Influence, and Socio-Structural Factors Associated with Arab Adults’ Tobacco Use in the US. University of Massachusetts Boston.
Dodd, P. C. (1973). Family honor and the forces of change in Arab Society1. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 4(1), 40–54.
Dutton, J. E., & Dukerich, J. M. (1991). Keeping an eye on the mirror: The role of organizational identity and image in organizational adaptation. Academy of Management Journal, 34(3), 517-554.
Dwyer, D. H. (1978). Images of East African women in Kiswahili prose fiction. Ba Shiru, 9(2), 47-57.
Elo, S., & Kyngäs, H. (2008). The qualitative content analysis process. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 62(1), 107-115.
El-Sayed, M., & Craig, J. (2017). Family business branding: Exploring the role of family values and identity. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 8(1), 14–25.
Esposito, J. L. (2002). What everyone needs to know about Islam. Oxford University Press
Farah, B., Elias, R., Aguilera, R., & Abi Saad, E. (2021). Corporate governance in the Middle East and North Africa: A systematic review of current trends and opportunities for future research. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 29(6), 630-660.
Faraj, S. F. (2022). Boys Don't Cry: A study on how young men in Amman define honour: Master's Thesis, Stockholm University.
Farouk Abdel Al, S., Jabeen, F., & Katsioloudes, M. (2017). SMEs Capital Structure Decisions and Success Determinants: Empirical Evidence from the UAE. Journal of Accounting, Ethics and Public Policy, 18(2)
Flyvbjerg, B. (2006). Five misunderstandings about case-study research. Qualitative Inquiry, 12(2), 219-245.
Fukuyama, F. (1995). Trust: The social virtues and the creation of prosperity. Free Press.
Gerring, J. (2007). Case study research: 2 What it is, what it does—the. SAGE handbook of case-based methods (pp. 1–22). SAGE Publications.
Goffman, E. (1967). Interaction ritual: Essays on face-to-face behavior. Anchor Books.
Granovetter, M. S. (1985). Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology, 91(3), 481-510.
Hassan, S., & Khalifa, A. (2021). Trust and reputation in business-to-business relationships in the UAE. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 16(4), 687–705.
Hosmer, L. T. (1995). Trust: The connecting link between organizational theory and philosophical ethics. Academy of Management Review, 20(2), 379-403.
Hsieh, H. F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative health research, 15(9), 1277-1288.
Jamal, A., & Al-Khatib, J. A. (2003). Determinants of customer satisfaction in the context of Saudi Arabia. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 15(4), 5-25.
Jamali, D., Hallal, M., & Abdallah, H. (2010). Corporate governance and corporate social responsibility: evidence from the healthcare sector. Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society, 10(5), 590-602.
Kabbach, A. (2011). The influence of tribal culture on business practices in the Middle East. Thunderb’’Ird International Business Review, 53(6), 711–723.
Kanoo, K.M. (2011). An insight into family business enterprises in Bahrain. Bahrain Family Business Association, Kingdom of Bahrain.
Khanna, T., & Palepu, K. G. (2010). Emerging giants. Rivals from developing countries are invading your turf. How will you fight back, 35.
Köllner, T. (2022). Family firms and business families: A field for anthropological research. Anthropology Today, 38(6), 8-10
Krappe, A., Goutas, L., & von Schlippe, A. (2011). The “family business brand”: An enquiry into the construction of the image of family businesses. Journal of Family Business Management, 1(1), 37-46.
Krippendorff, K. (2004). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology (2nd edition). SAGE Publications.
Kropf, A., & Newbury-Smith, T. C. (2016). Wasta as a form of social capital? An institutional perspective. In The political economy of Wasta: Use and abuse of social capital networking (pp. 3-21). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Krueger, N., Bogers, M. L., Labaki, R., & Basco, R. (2021). Advancing family business science through context theorizing: The case of the Arab world. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 12(1), 100377.
Kuran, T. (2004). Islam and underdevelopment: An old puzzle revisited. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 18(4), 141–164.
Lancaster, W. O. (1997). The Rwala Bedouin today. Waveland Press.
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic Inquiry. SAGE Publications.
Meeker, M. E. (1976). Meaning and Society in the Near East: Examples from the Black Sea Turks and the Levantine Arabs (I). International Journal of Middle East Studies, 7(2), 243-270.
Metcalfe, B. D. (2007). The cultural context of leadership in the Middle East. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 28(7), 670–687.
Mondey, A., & Beeri, I. (2023). The competing impact of network politics and Hamula (clan) politics on perceived network performance: the case of minority networks. Local Government Studies, 1–26.
Mudin, I. (2024). Crossroads of civilizations: the social and cultural landscape of pre-Islamic arab. Journal of Social Science, 1(4), 36–47.
Naber, N. (2005). Arab American femininities: Beyond victimhood and silence. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 30(4), 2155–2181.
Palaiologos, G, T. (2017). Theorising on Arab Family Businesses. In Basli, S. Family Businesses in the Arab World: Governance, Strategy, and Financing (pp. 23-40). Springer International Publishing.
Palaiologos, G., & Köllner, T. (2025). Theorising on the Latino Family Business Simpatia (Connectedness), Familismo (Knowledge Reservoir), Fama (Organisational Identity), and Solidaridad (Social Embeddedness) Contexts. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 1-29.
Patai, R. (1983). The Arab mind. Charles Scribner's Sons.
Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative research & evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice. SAGE Publications.
Purfield, M., Finger, M.H., Ongley, M.K., Baduel, M.B., Castellanos, C., Pierre, M.G., Stepanyan, V., & Roos, M.E. (2018). Opportunity for All: Promoting Growth and Inclusiveness in the Middle East and North Africa. International Monetary Fund.
Radu-Lefebvre, M., Davis, J. H., & Gartner, W. B. (2024). Legacy in family business: A systematic literature review and future research agenda. Family Business Review, 37(1), 18-59.
Ramadani, V., Hisrich, R. D., & Gerguri-Rashiti, S. (2015). Family firms and entrepreneurship in transition economies: Opportunities and challenges. World Review of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 11(1), 1-17.
Ratten, V. (2023). A new definition of family business. Journal of Family Business Management, 13(3), 545–545.
Ratten, V., Chrisman, J. J., Mustafa, M., Sciascia, S., Seaman, C., Discua Cruz, A., & Feranita, F. (2024). Learning from family business researchers. Journal of Family Business Management, 14(4), 735-747.
Rautiainen, M., Rosa, P., Pihkala, T., Parada, M.J. and Discua Cruz, A. (2019). (Eds), The Family Business Group Phenomenon: Emergence and Complexities, Palgrave Macmillan, doi: 10.1007/ 978-3-319-98542-8.
Redding, S. G. (2005). The thicket of kinship: Implications for business organisation. In M. Warner (Ed.), Regional encyclopedia of business and management: Management in Asia Pacific (pp. 613–621). Thomson Learning.
Rice, J., Raziq, M. M., & Fotiadis, A. (2024). Family business in the Arabian Gulf region. Journal of Family Business Management, 14(4), 775-780.
Samara, G. (2021). Family businesses in the Arab Middle East: what do we know and where should we go? Journal of Family Business Strategy, 12(3), 100359.
Schneider, J. (2017). Dignity and human rights. In J. Fieser & N. Fotion (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of business ethics (pp. 191-202). Routledge.
Schwandt, T. A. (2007). The SAGE dictionary of qualitative inquiry. SAGE Publications.
Sidani, Y. M., & Thornberry, J. (2013). Developing Arab management research: Contextual and theoretical perspectives. Academy of Management Perspectives, 27(4), 342-358.
Stake, R. E. (1995). The art of case study research. SAGE Publications.
Stewart, F. H. (1994). Honor. University of Chicago Press.
Tagiuri, R., & Davis, J. (1996). Bivalent attributes of the family firm. Family business review, 9(2), 199-208.
Thompson, E. P. (2010). The moral economy of the English crowd in the eighteenth century. In Customs in common (pp. 185–258). The New Press.
Tsai, S. P. (2008). Corporate marketing management and corporate identity building. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 26(6), 621–633.
Velez-Calle, A., Robledo-Ardila, C., & Rodriguez-Rios, J. D. (2015). On the influence of interpersonal relations on business practices in Latin America: A comparison with the Chinese guanxi and the Arab wasta. Thunderb’’Ird International Business Review, 57(4), 281-293.
Weir, D., Sultan, N., & Bunt, S. V. D. (2019). Doing business in the Arab world: Unlocking the potential of wasta. Globalization and Development: Entrepreneurship, Innovation, Business and Policy Insights from Asia and Africa, 323–341.
Whetten, D. A. (2002). Modelling-as-theorizing: A systematic methodology for theory development. In Essential skills for management research (pp. 46–71). SAGE Publications Ltd.
Whetten, D., Foreman, P., & Dyer, W. G. (2014). Organizational identity and family business. The SAGE handbook of family business, 480–497.
Yasin, S. (1985). The Arab family and the social crisis. In H. Beblawi & G. Luciani (Eds.), The Arab state (pp. 185–201). University of California Press.
Yin, R. K. (2018). Case study research and applications (6th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Yousif, A. M., & Abuamsha, F. H. (2019). Social capital and firm performance: The mediating role of knowledge sharing in Jordanian SMEs. Journal of Knowledge Management, 23(4), 711–731.
Zahra, S. A. (2005). Governance and entrepreneurship in the family firm. Family Business Review, 18(3), 163–171.
Zellweger, T. M., Eddleston, K. A., & Kellermanns, F. W. (2010). Exploring the concept of familiness: Introducing family firm identity. Journal of family business strategy, 1(1), 54-63.
Zellweger, T. M., Kellermanns, F. W., Eddleston, K. A., & Memili, E. (2012). Building a family firm image: How family firms capitalize on family ties. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 3(4), 239-250.
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
Issue
Section
License
Photocopying
Single photocopies of single articles may be made for personal use as allowed by national copyright laws. Permission of the publisher and payment of fee is required for all other photocopying, including or systematic copying, copying for advertising or promotional purposes, resale, and all forms of document delivery. Special rates are available for educational institutions that wish to make photocopies for educational classroom use. For information on how to seek permission, please email at ijfbp@president.ac.id or call +62 (21) 8910 9762.
Electronic Storage or usage
Permission of the publisher is required to store or use electronically any material contained in this journal including any article or part of an article. Please, email at ijfbp@president.ac.id. Except as outlined above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher.
Agreement and policies
President University has established agreements and developed policies to allow authors whose articles appear in journals published by President University, to comply with potential manuscript archiving requirements. To learn more about existing agreements and policies please email at ijfbp@president.ac.id.