Family Comes First: An Investigation on Entrepreneurial Intention among Chinese Indonesian Gen Z

Kunthi Afrilinda Kusumawardani, Richard Richard

Abstract


Family and education have often been studied by numerous researchers as the factors of entrepreneurs’ creation. The research discusses the influence of background of family and education in entrepreneurship on the entrepreneurial self-efficacy in shaping the entrepreneurial intention among Chinese Indonesian Gen Z. Through the application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), this research employed quantitative method design. This current study uses Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) analysis of 202 individuals. The finding indicates that Family Background and Entrepreneurship Education affect Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy, and Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy mediates the relationship between Family Background and Entrepreneurship Education in Entrepreneurial Intention. However, Family Background and Entrepreneurship Education do not have direct influences on Entrepreneurial Intention. Based on the finding, it can be determined that Family Background and Entrepreneurship Education will stimulate a high Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy which leads to Entrepreneurial Intention. Thus, this study suggests the stakeholder in education in Indonesia create an entrepreneurship-based system in the education curriculum to equip students with knowledge of entrepreneurship and develop the skills not only to discover the business opportunity, but also to create a sustainable one, and at the same time encouraging them to have self-confident in their capability in becoming thriving entrepreneurs. While the finding on Family Background signify that entrepreneurs are nurture, not nature since they need to be stimulated along with Entrepreneurship Education and Self-Efficacy. The limitation of this study lies in the size of the sample, thus future research is recommended to take a larger sample to get more representable data to envisage the Entrepreneurial Intention. This study provides an insight into the Entrepreneurial Intention among Chinese Indonesian Gen Z which has never been investigated in the past. Additionally, it contributes the empirical evidence of Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy role in transforming Family Background and Entrepreneurship Education into Entrepreneurial Intention.


Full Text:

PDF

References


Adekiya, A. A., & Ibrahim, F. (2016, March 15). Entrepreneurship intention among students. the antecedent role of culture and entrepreneurship training and development. The International Journal of Management Education, 14(2), 116-132.

Ajzen, I. (1991). The Theory of Planned Behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 50, 50(2), 179-211.

Ajzen, I. (2002). Perceived Behavioral Control, Self-Efficacy, Locus of Control, and the Theory of Planned Behavior. Journal ofApplied Social Psychology, 32(4), 665-68.

Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory (Vol. 43). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.

BarNir, A., Watson, W. E., & Hutchins, H. M. (2011). Mediation and Moderated Mediation in the Relationship Among Role Models, Self-Efficacy, Entrepreneurial Career Intention, and Gender. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 2011, 41, 2, 270-297.

Basu, A. (2004). Entrepreneurial aspirations among family business owners: An analysis of ethnic business owners in the UK. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 10(1-2), 12-33.

Basu, A. (2010). Comparing Entrepreneurial Intentions among Students: The Role of Education and Ethnic Origin. AIMS International Journal of Management, 4(3), 163-176.

Budiaji, W. (2013, December). Skala Pengukuran dan Jumlah Respon Skala. Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian dan Perikanan, 2(2), 127-133.

Carree, M. A., & Thurik, A. R. (2010). The Impact of Entrepreneurship on Economic Growth. In Z. J. Acs, & D. B. Audretsch, Handbook of Entrepreneurship Research (pp. 557-594). New York: Springer.

Chen. (2016). Does entrepreneurial selfefficacy selfefficacy. Journal of Business Venturing, 13(4), 295-316.

Crossman, A. (2018, September 28). Understanding Purposive Sampling. Retrieved April 5, 2019, from ThoughtCo.: https://www.thoughtco.com/purposive-sampling-3026727

Dempsey, D., & Jennings, J. (2014). Gender and Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy: A Learning Perspective. Gender and Entrepreneurship, 6(1), 28-49.

Drennan, J., Kennedy, J., & Renfrow, P. (2005). Impact of childhood experiences on the development of entrepreneurial intentions. The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 6(4), 231-238.

Dwinanda, R. (2018, October 18). Indonesia's entrepreneurship rate low: Enggartiasto. Retrieved April 1, 2019, from Republika: https://www.republika.co.id/berita/en/national-politics/18/10/18/pgsvvf414-indonesias-entrepreneurship-rate-low-enggartiasto

Elali, W., & Al-Yacoub, B. (2016). "Factors affecting entrepreneurial intentions among Kuwaitis. World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 12(1), 18-34.

Farooq, M. S., & Salam, M. (2018, March 27). Impact of support from social network on entrepreneurial intention of fresh business graduates: A structural equation modelling approach. Education + Traning, 23(1), 335-353. Retrieved from The Many Different Types of Video Games & Their Subgenres: https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-06-2017-0092

Farrukh, M., Khan, A. A., Khan, M. S., Ramzani, S. R., & Soladoye, B. S. (2017). Entrepreneurial intentions: the role of family factors, personality traits and self-efficacy. World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 13(4), 303-317.

Fayolle. (2014). Entrepreneurship Education in Europe: Trends and Challenges. Journal of European Industrial Training, 30(9), 1-12.

Feder, E.-S., & Niţu-Antonie, R.-D. (2017). Connecting gender identity,entrepreneurial training, role models and intentions. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 9(1), pp.87-108.

Field, A. (2013). Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics. London: Sage Publications Ltd.

Fietze, S., & Boyd, B. (2017). Entrepreneurial intention of Danish students: a correspondence analysis. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 23(4), 656-672.

Fini, R. (2014). The Foundation of Entrepreneurial Intention. Journal of Technology Transfer, 14(2), 1-40. Retrieved from http://ssrn.com/abstract=1313225

Fini, R., Grimaldi, R., Marzocchi, G. L., & Sobrero, M. (2009). The Foundation of Entrepreneurial Intention.

Foster, T. (2018, August 25). This Entrepreneur Hit Rock Bottom Before Building a Billion-Dollar Jewelry Empire (With Only $500). Retrieved December 19, 2018, from www.inc.com: https://www.inc.com/benjamin-p-hardy/the-most-potent-gen-z-entrepreneurial-panel-assembled.html

George, D., & Mallery, P. (2000). SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference. Boston: Pearson A and B.

Gerba, D. T. (2012). Impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial intentions of business and engineering students in Ethiopia. African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, 3(2), 258 - 277.

Globe Asia. (2018, June). 150 RICHEST INDONESIANS. Retrieved April 1, 2019, from Globe Asia: https://www.globeasia.com/cover-story/150-richest-indonesians-2/

Hanlon, B., & Larget, B. (2011, September 8). Samples and Populations. Department of Statistics University of Wisconsin—Madison, 14(2), 10-22.

Heriyanto, D. (2019, February 4). Times they are a-changin': Legacy of Chinese-Indonesian family businesses . Retrieved April 1, 2019, from The Jakarta Post: https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2019/02/04/times-they-are-a-changin-legacy-of-chinese-indonesian-family-businesses.html

Hermawan, A., Arief, M., & Rahayu, W. P. (2018). Dimesions of the javanese culture and the role of parents in instilling values in creative industry entrepreneurship. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7(2), 182-189.

Indonesia Investments. (2018). Unemployment in Indonesia. Retrieved April 1, 2019, from Indonesia Investments: https://www.indonesia-investments.com/finance/macroeconomic-indicators/unemployment/item255?

Kerr, W. R., & Mandorff, M. (2015, September). Social Networks, Ethnicity, and Entrepreneurship. Working Paper Series 21597. National Bureau of Economic Research.

Koning, J. (2007). Chineseness and Chinese Indonesian Business Practices: A Generational and Discursive Enquiry. East Asia, 24(2), 129–152.

Laviolette, E. M., Lefebvre, M. R., & Brunel, O. (2012). The impact of story bound entrepreneurial role models on self‐efficacy and entrepreneurial intention. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 18(6), 720-742.

Lestari, D., & Darmawan, Z. (2018, November 1). Wirausaha Indonesia Masih Tergolong Sedikit untuk Jadi Negara Maju. Retrieved April 1, 2019, from Viva: https://www.viva.co.id/berita/bisnis/1089839-wirausaha-indonesia-masih-tergolong-sedikit-untuk-jadi-negara-maju

Liñán, F., & Fayolle, A. (2015). A systematic literature review on entrepreneurial intentions: citation, thematic analyses, and research agenda. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 11(4), 907-933.

Liñán, F., Rodríguez-Cohard, J. C., & Rueda-Cantuche, J. M. (2010). Factors affecting entrepreneurial intention levels: a role for education. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 7(2), 195–218.

Locke, E. A. (2000). The Prime Movers: Traits of the Great Wealth Creators. New York: AMACOM.

Marques, C., Santos , G., & Justino, E. (2018). Entrepreneurship education, gender and family background as antecedents on the entrepreneurial orientation of university student. International Journal of Innovation, 10(1), 58-70.

Matthews, & Moser. (2016). ongitudinal investigation of the impact of family background and gender on interest in small firm ownership. Journal of Small Business Management, 2(2), 110 - 129.

Miranda, J. (2017, Febuary 14). Academic Entrepreneurial Intention: The Role of Gender. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 9(1), 66-86. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-10-2016-0037

Mohamad, N., Lim, H. E., & Yusof, N. (2015, september 30). Estimating the Effect of Entrepreneurship Education on Graduates' Intention to be Entrepreneurs. Education + Training, 57(8/9), 874-890.

Pedrini. (2017). Do entrepreneurial education programs impact the antecedents of entrepreneurial intention? Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, XI, 373-392.

Powers, A. (2018, July 31). Why Gen-Z Talent Is More Likely To Pursue Entrepreneurship. Retrieved November 18, 2018, from forbers: https://www.forbes.com/sites/annapowers/2018/07/31/why-gen-z-talent-is-more-likely-to-pursue-entrepreneurship/#6814991c7822

Puni, A., Anlesinya, A., & Korsorku, P. D. (2018). Entrepreneurial education,self-efficacy and intentions in Sub-Saharan Africa. African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, 9(4), 492-511. doi:10.1108/AJEMS-09-2017-0211

Ranwala, R. S. (2016). Family Background, Entrepreneurship Specific Education and Entrepreneurial Knowledge in Venture Creation. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 6(9), 495-501.

Renko, M., Tarabishy, A. E., Carsrud, A. L., & Brännback, M. (2015). Understanding and Measuring Entrepreneurial Leadership Style. Journal of Small Business Management, 53(1), 69-98.

Sanchez, A. A., Soler, S. B., & Hernandez, A. J. (2017). A missing link: the behavioral mediators between resources and entrepreneurial intentions. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 23(5), 752-768.

Santoso, A. B. (2014, December 10). Analysis: Current condition of Indonesia's entrepreneurs. Retrieved April 1, 2019, from The Jakarta Post: https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/12/10/analysis-current-condition-indonesia-s-entrepreneurs.html

Santoso, S. (2016). Influence Of Self-Efficacy To Student Entrepreneurial-Intention With Student Background As A Moderating Variable: Case Study In Indonesia. International Journal of Information, Business and Management, 8(4), 131-144.

Sauro, J. (2010, August 25). Should You Use 5 or 7 Point Scales. Retrieved April 5, 2019, from Measuring U: https://measuringu.com/scale-points/

Schawbel, D. (2017, Febuary 16). Millenials might not be as entrepreneurial as you think. Retrieved November 18, 2018, from weforum: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/02/millennials-arent-the-entrepreneurial-generation-you-might-think-they-are

Setiawan, J. L. (2014). Examining Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy among Students. Social and Behavioral Sciences, 115, 235-242.

Setijadi, C. (2016, March 17). Ethnic Chinese in Contemporary Indonesia: Changing Identity Politics and the Paradox of

Sinification. ISEAS Perspective, 2016(12).

Shittu, Ayodele, Dosunmu, & Zainab. (2014). Family Background and Entrepreneurial Intention of Fresh Graduates in Nigeria. Journal of Poverty, Investment and Development, 5(1), 78-88.

Shuttleworth, M. (2009, November 8). Types of Validity. Retrieved January 28, 2019, from Explorable: https://explorable.com/types-of-validity

Surbhi. (2017, March 9). Difference Between Validity and Reliability. Retrieved January 28, 2019, from Key Differences: https://keydifferences.com/difference-between-validity-and-reliability.html

Sutanto, O., & Nurrachman, N. (2018). Makna Kewirausahaan Pada Etnis Jawa, Minang, Dan Tionghoa: Sebuah Studi Representasi Sosial. Jurnal Psikologi Ulayat, 5(1), 86-108.

Tiwari, P., Bhat, A. K., & Tikoria, J. (2017). "Predictors of social entrepreneurial intention: an empirical study. South Asian Journal of Business Studies, 6(1), 53-79.

Trading Economics. (2018). Unemployment Rate | Asia. Retrieved April 1, 2019, from Trading Economics: https://tradingeconomics.com/country-list/unemployment-rate?continent=asia

Vina. (2015, September 17). Alasan Kenapa Murid Nakal Ternyata Bisa Lebih Sukses. Retrieved September 22, 2018, from Liputan6.

Wang, W., Lu, W., & Millington, J. K. (2011). Determinants of Entrepreneurial Intention among College Students in China and USA. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 1(1), 35-44.

William. (2014). How to Write and analyse a questionnaire. Internation Journal of Academic Research, 2(2), 245-252.

World Population Review. (2019). Total Population by Country 2019. Retrieved April 1, 2019, from World Population Review: http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.33021/ijfbp.v3i1.1156

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.




Articles in this journal have been indexed in major research databases, including:

 Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.